![]() Active listening or paraphrasing emotional words is a form of responding empathically to the person who is talking, which was introduced by Carl R. ![]() In this study, we compared active listening as empathetic listening and non-active listening as non-empathetic listening as a factor of listener response. Therefore, listener response is crucial to how a memory is relived and reevaluated during a conversation. Further, it has been reported that when listened to attentively, a positive memory becomes more positive and a negative memory becomes less negative ( Pasupathi and Oldroyd, 2015). Another study showed that subjects tell jokes more frequently when they talk to a listener who responds to them with kindness compared to a listener who shows little response ( Kuhlen and Brennan, 2010). Bavelas et al., (2000) showed that participants tell a story in more detail when a listener eagerly responds. There is also accumulating evidence that a memory is distorted depending on how a listener listens to the story. In addition, they showed that when individuals retold a story that they read before in a positive way, the memory about the story became more positive ( Dudukovic et al., 2004). In particular, Marsh and Tversky (2004) reported that the content of a story differs depending on whether an individual talks to a friend or to an experimenter ( Marsh and Tversky, 2004). From the viewpoint of memory recall, research has shown that the memory of a story is distorted depending on how the story is being told. We have been interested in investigating how nostalgic memories can be harnessed to empower individuals. Research has uncovered the powerful influence nostalgia can have on the meaning making of life ( Routledge et al., 2012), on motivation for one's future ( Sedikides and Wildschut, 2016 Stephan et al., 2015), on counteracting boredom ( van Tilburg et al., 2013), on recovering a sense of identity ( Baldwin et al., 2015), on managing existential anxiety ( Sedikides et al., 2006) and preserving a sense of self in the face of death ( Synnes, 2015). In such a situation, nostalgia is considered a reward for the brain ( Oba et al., 2016 Speer et al., 2014). An individual is likely to feel nostalgia when exposed to a negative situation ( Cavanagh et al., 2015). ![]() First regarded as a mental disorder in immigrants and soldiers ( Danek, 1988 Rosen, 1975), the phenomenon of nostalgia was later investigated from the psychiatric, psychoanalytical and, more recently, psychological points of view, and is now regarded as a psychological construct that serves to increase human resilience ( Batcho, 2013). The concept of nostalgia, namely a state of emotional longing for one's idealized past, has changed over a period of about 300 years. The present findings have implications for human interaction in everyday life and in therapeutic settings. ![]() The results showed that a person more prone to nostalgia felt more nostalgic and more positive toward their autobiographical memory than those who are less nostalgia-prone. Participants were then divided into a less nostalgia-prone and a more nostalgia-prone group using the Southampton Nostalgia Rating Scale and the data were reanalyzed for each experimental condition. ![]() Empathy group participants had a significantly longer talking time than non-empathy or non-response participants, higher nostalgia scores than non-response participants, and higher positive emotion scores than non-empathy and non-response participants, but lower negative emotion scores than non-reponse participants. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by a multiple comparisons test. Output measures were participant's talking time, nostalgia ratings, and positive and negative emotion ratings. Thirty minutes later each participant was randomly allocated to be interviewed by an experimenter who applied one of three listening conditions: empathy, non-empathy, or non-response. Nostalgia was induced using a medley of Japanese pop songs from the years 2006–2010. This independent-measures study was conducted in 120 healthy Japanese undergraduates (66 women, 54 men, M age 20.3 ± 1.9 years). Here, we hypothesized that emotional impressions on a narrator's nostalgic memory change depending on the level of empathy in the listener's response. Nostalgic memories serve to increase human resilience. ![]()
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